Online identification of internal impedance of Li-ion battery cell using ternary-sequence injection

The internal impedance of a battery has been shown to change as a function of state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH). Therefore, online impedance measurements can provide useful information for SOC- and SOH-estimation algorithms. Broadband injections techniques such as pseudo-random-binary-sequence (PRBS) are attractive alternative for replacing conventional electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy (EIS) which is very slow for online battery impedance measurements. However, non-linearities of batteries have a negative impact on the measurement results obtained by the PRBS for which the identified system is assumed to be linear. This paper demonstrates the use of ternary-sequence excitation signal for battery impedance measurements. Appropriately designed ternary-sequence can efficiently capture the linear component of the impedance by canceling out the distortion caused by the non-linear parts. The presented method can be used for rapid impedance measurements and thus, as a valuable tool in online SOC- and SOH-estimation algorithms. Experimental measurements are shown from a Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery cell.