Challenges in substituting fossil products with bio-based alternatives

Bio-based products bring major environmental benefits in terms of improved sustainability, reduced dependence on non-renewable resources, and greater circularity. However, substituting fossil-based products with their bio-based alternatives presents several challenges, given the dissimilarities in material properties, regulatory constraints, and technical performances. These should be taken into account in Life Cycle Assessment studies comparing alternative bio- and fossil-based products. This study explores the challenges related to replacing fossil-based materials with bio-based alternatives in five key sectors: construction, packaging, textiles, chemicals, and woodworking. Using a mixed methods approach consisting of a review of scientific literature and surveys with stakeholders, the research identifies key technical, regulatory, and market-specific barriers to substituting fossil-based products with bio-based ones. The systematic review and analysis of 42 selected peer-reviewed articles reveal common challenges related to mechanical performance, durability, regulatory restrictions, and processing challenges. In the construction sector, for instance, bio-based materials like Cross Laminated Timber require additional treatments to improve fire resistance and durability. In the packaging sector, bio-based packaging faces issues concerning moisture resistance and high costs. In textiles, bio-based fibers show poor processability and durable performance, while in the chemical sector, feedstock availability is seasonal, which complicates substitution. In the woodworking sector, bio-based adhesives face challenges regarding mechanical strength and resistance to water. In addition, regional differences in regulations can further complicate the substitution. Based on these findings, recommendation are provided for carrying our LCA studies of bio-based products taking into account the specific substitutability conditions.