Layer approach to ownership in 3D cadastre in the case of underground tunnels

he paper focuses on approaches to the registration of real property rights in the case of underground or subwaytunnels in different EU countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Greece, Poland, Slovenia, andSweden. The authors conducted analysis on the registration of rights to subway tunnels in the chosen countries,including its effectiveness in ensuring appropriate property rights to construct and exploit tunnels. Special at-tention was given to limitations related to the lack of legal provisions vertically dividing space, i.e. into layers,and referring to the ownership right to the layers. Benefits which might be achieved by the introduction of a 3Dreal property subdivision were pointed out. The analysis of the available data concerning the geometry ofsubway tunnels in particular countries was presented. The authors tried to answer the question whether theaccessible data concerning the geometry of subway tunnels allows to generate a 3D geospatial model of aconstructed object, and to specify the space which should be determined as a 3D parcel in the 3D real propertycadastre, for the purpose of registering property rights for the object (the tunne