Modeling hybrid energy systems for marine applications: Hybrid electric ships

Off-grid hybrid power generation systems are widely used in various applications. In particular, RES-based stand-alone power systems can be used to supply offshore load demands, river lighthouses, and other remote applications. The use of RESs has many environmental and economic benefits over other energy sources, especially for the reduction of marine pollution . Solar and wind energies are the most applicable RESs, which are extremely abundant and available at sea. They mainly depend on solar irradiation and wind speed. Therefore, they have many challenges since they are intermittent and unpredictable. In addition, the onboard utilization of PV panels and WT have been investigated from various technical, economic, and management aspects to obtain the maximum power on the limited space of
the ship.