Optimal energy and reserve management of the electric vehicles aggregator in electrical energy networks considering distributed energy sources and demand side management

Distribution network (DN) operators are facing new challenges such as developing the use of various types of energy sources and increasing the use of plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) to reduce the utilization of fossil fuels. High integration of PHEVs and coordination of different energy providers in the electric distribution grid in the paucity of proper planning will impose economic obstacles for DN operators. This chapter will propose an energy and reserve management model for a DN, which contains PHEVs, wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic system (PV), diesel generators (DGs), upstream grid (UG), and fuel cell (FC). In this study, an operation scheme for the PHEVs aggregator is accomplished with main objective function of decreasing operation costs of DN. The PHEVs aggregator has three various states containing load mode, energy production mode, and idle mode, where the PHEVs aggregator will help the DN as energy storage systems (ESSs). The objective function seeks decreasing the costs of purchasing power from UG, and the production cost of DGs and EVs aggregator. The proposed model has considered both the spinning reserve of DG and EVs aggregator, and the obtained simulation results showed the positive effect of PHEVs aggregator in reducing operation costs.