The bidding strategies of large-scale battery storage in 100% renewable smart energy systems

Large-scale battery storage solutions have received wide interest as being one of the options to promote renewable energy (RE) penetration. The profitability of battery storages is affected by the bidding strategy adopted by the operator and is highly dependent on the operation of the rest of the energy system. Nevertheless, the coordination between the battery and the energy system has not been investigated in the literature yet. This paper provides a holistic hourly techno-economic analysis of the bidding strategies of large-scale Li-ion batteries in 100% renewable smart energy systems. As a case study, the 2050 Danish energy system is used to demonstrate the relationship between large-scale battery systems and the rest of the energy system. The results show that large-scale battery storage plays a limited role in future energy systems that follow the smart energy system concept. Likewise, the battery solution is only economically feasible in the Danish smart energy system at low battery storage capacities (few hours’ duration) with a low-profit margin rate (approx. 100%) and a short prognostic period (approx. 12 h) for operation planning. The finding of this study provides the general strategies of the battery bidding and operation in 100% RE systems.