TY - JOUR
T1 - Understanding the interaction between clinical, emotional and psychophysical outcomes underlying tension-type headache
T2 - a network analysis approach
AU - Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, César
AU - Palacios-Ceña, María
AU - Valera-Calero, Juan A
AU - Cuadrado, Maria L
AU - Guerrero-Peral, Angel
AU - Pareja, Juan A
AU - Arendt-Nielsen, Lars
AU - Varol, Umut
N1 - © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
PY - 2022/8
Y1 - 2022/8
N2 - OBJECTIVE: Evidence supports that tension-type headache (TTH) involves complex underlying mechanisms. The current study aimed to quantify potential multivariate relationships between headache-related, psychophysical, psychological and health-related variables in patients with TTH using network analysis.METHODS: Demographic (age, height, weight), headache-related (intensity, frequency, duration, and headache-related disability), psychological and emotional (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), psycho-physical (pressure pain thresholds [PPTs] and myofascial trigger points) and health-related variables (SF-36 questionnaire) were collected in 169 TTH patients. Network connectivity analysis was unsupervised conducted to quantify the adjusted correlations between the modelled variables and to assess their centrality indices (i.e., the connectivity with other symptoms in the network and the importance in the modelled network).RESULTS: The connectivity network showed local associations between psychophysical and headache-related variables. Multiple significant local positive correlations between PPTs were observed, being the strongest weight between PPTs over the cervical spine and temporalis area ([Formula: see text]: 0.41). The node with the highest strength, closeness and betweenness centrality was depressive levels. Other nodes with high centrality were vitality and headache intensity.DISCUSSION: This is the first study applying a network analysis to understand the connections between headache-related, psychophysical, psychological and health-related variables in TTH. Current findings support a model on how the variables are connected, albeit in separate clusters. The role of emotional aspects, such as depression, is supported by the network. Clinical implications of the findings, such as developing TTH treatments strategies targeting these most important variables, are discussed.
AB - OBJECTIVE: Evidence supports that tension-type headache (TTH) involves complex underlying mechanisms. The current study aimed to quantify potential multivariate relationships between headache-related, psychophysical, psychological and health-related variables in patients with TTH using network analysis.METHODS: Demographic (age, height, weight), headache-related (intensity, frequency, duration, and headache-related disability), psychological and emotional (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), psycho-physical (pressure pain thresholds [PPTs] and myofascial trigger points) and health-related variables (SF-36 questionnaire) were collected in 169 TTH patients. Network connectivity analysis was unsupervised conducted to quantify the adjusted correlations between the modelled variables and to assess their centrality indices (i.e., the connectivity with other symptoms in the network and the importance in the modelled network).RESULTS: The connectivity network showed local associations between psychophysical and headache-related variables. Multiple significant local positive correlations between PPTs were observed, being the strongest weight between PPTs over the cervical spine and temporalis area ([Formula: see text]: 0.41). The node with the highest strength, closeness and betweenness centrality was depressive levels. Other nodes with high centrality were vitality and headache intensity.DISCUSSION: This is the first study applying a network analysis to understand the connections between headache-related, psychophysical, psychological and health-related variables in TTH. Current findings support a model on how the variables are connected, albeit in separate clusters. The role of emotional aspects, such as depression, is supported by the network. Clinical implications of the findings, such as developing TTH treatments strategies targeting these most important variables, are discussed.
KW - Depression
KW - Network analysis
KW - Pressure pain
KW - Tension-type headache
KW - Headache
KW - Pain
KW - Humans
KW - Pain Threshold
KW - Anxiety/psychology
KW - Tension-Type Headache/diagnosis
UR - https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00415-022-11039-5.pdf
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85125425980&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s00415-022-11039-5
DO - 10.1007/s00415-022-11039-5
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 35229190
SN - 0340-5354
VL - 269
SP - 4525
EP - 4534
JO - Journal of Neurology
JF - Journal of Neurology
IS - 8
ER -