Virtual storage plants in parking lots of electric vehicles providing local/global power system support

In recent years, the penetration of Renewable energy sources (RES) has increased considerably in power systems. Besides, fossil fuel vehicles are gradually replaced with electric ones. Increasing the penetration of RES on the supply side and the penetration of Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) on the demand side, intermittency of the power system increases. This paper proposes a novel structure for Virtual storage plants (VSP) to integrate the storage potentials of the PEVs into power systems. The suggested VSP is comprised of smart charging stations, Parking lot aggregator (PLA), Local service provider (LSP), and Global service provider (GSP). The PLA co-ordinates the charging/discharging strategies of the PEVs based on the flexibility requirements of the supply side. The LSP aims to mitigate congestion in weak lines of the power network. The GSP provides up-/down-regulation for the wholesale electricity market when a power shortage/excess occurs in the power systems. On the supply side, the electricity market is comprised of three trading floors, including the day-ahead, intraday, and balancing markets. The VSP integrates the storage potentials of the PEVs to the three market floors hierarchically on long, mid, and short advance notices. The electricity price data are extracted from the Danish electricity market. The suggested approach is examined on the IEEE 14-bus system. The results show that the suggested VSP provides local and global energy security for the power system during critical hours.