VOF modelling of gas–liquid flow in PEM water electrolysis cell micro-channels

In this study, the gaseliquid flow through an interdigitated anode flow field of a PEM water electrolysis cell (PEMEC) is analysed using a three-dimensional, transient, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. To account for two-phase flow, the volume of fluid (VOF) method in ANSYS Fluent 17.2 is used. The modelled geometry consists of the anode channels and the anode transport layer (ATL). To reduce the complexity of the phenomena governing PEMEC operation, the dependence upon electro-chemistry is disregarded. Instead, a fixed source of the gas is applied at the interface between the ATL and the catalyst layer. An important phenomenon that the model is able to capture is the gaseliquid contact angle on both the channel wall and ATL-channel interface. Particularly, the latter interface is crucial in capturing bubble entrainment into the channel. To validate the numerical simulation, photos taken of the gaseliquid flow in a transparent micro-channel, are qualitative compared against the simulation results. The experimental observations confirm the models prediction of long Taylor bubbles with small bubbles in between. From the simulation results, further intriguing details of the flow are revealed. From the bottom to the top of the outgoing channel, the film thickness gradually increases from zero to 200 mm. This increase in the film thickness is due to the particular superficial velocity field that develops in an interdigitated flow. Here both the superficial velocities change along the length of the channel. The model is capable of revealing effect of different bubble shapes/lengths in the outgoing channel. Shape and the sequence of the bubbles affect the water flow distribution in the ATL. The model presented in this work is the first step in the development of a comprehensive CFD model that comprises multiphase flow in porous media and micro-channel, electro-chemistry in catalyst layers, ion transport in membrane, hydrogen evolution, etc. The model can aid in the study of gaseliquid flow and its impact on the performance of a PEMEC.