Compositional and structural alterations of polymers under low-to-medium-energy ion implantation

Numerous studies of polymers modified by low-to-medium-energy ion beams are generalised. The accent is put on ion stopping in a polymer matrix, latent track formation and on complex process of polymer degradation. Main trends in the changes of the structure and composition of the polymers as a function of implantation conditions are discussed. In particular, the effects of radiothermolysis, degassing and carbonisation are under examination. Recent results on the high fluence and high ion current density implantation are reviewed. Post-implantation oxidation phenomenon of the radiation-damaged polymers is described in connection to the structural alteration. Depth distribution of various implanted species in polymers is one of the significant items under consideration. Main aspects of nucleation and growth of the metal nanoparticles (NPs) under the implantation conditions leading to the exceeding the metal solubility limit in the dielectric matrix are described as a special case of ion-beam treatment. The implantation-induced polymer modification is found to be originating a spectrum of new properties, i.e. significant changes in conductance, optical and magnetic characteristics, surface hardness, adhesion and other parameters that is reviewed with relation to practical applications.