Developing the Refined Survey Model for the LADM Revision Supporting Interoperability with LandInfra

The origin of surveying has a close connection with the designation of land boundaries, whilecadastral surveying is a means of defining the limits of properties, thus forming the basis forland administration, serving as an important tool to gather, assess, and update geographicalspatial data. Accurate description and record of land are the fundamentals to their rational useand conservation and form the core of well-established Land Administration Systems (LASs).Although surveying models and approaches are important for Cadastres and LASs, they are notalways documented in detail, while with the rapid advances in technology and geoinformationthey need to be revised quite often.The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which focuses onstandardised modelling of information at the conceptual level, has a dedicated sub package forSpatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spatialrepresentations, and the ongoing LADM revision shall support a broad range in surveying anddata acquisition approaches and accuracies, considering the evolution of technology and theencodings used in practice. A conceptual model of the refined survey model is expected to beincluded in Part 2 of the new edition of the standard, while its technical implementation(s)covering both 2D and 3D boundaries in Part 6.This paper aims to present the fundamentals of the refined Survey Model of LADM Edition II,considering the need to support the interconnection with the ever-evolving surveying methodsand acquisition techniques in a standardised way, including among others the Galileo HighAccuracy Services requirements and the alignment with other standards, as well as participatorymethods. One of the standards which synergy with LADM is investigated in this paper is theOGC LandInfra, and specifically Part 6 “Survey”, that provides a framework for informationabout observations, processes and their results collected during survey.The development of the proposed model was informed by two case studies using survey plansaccording to Danish practice and cadastral data from the Hellenic Cadastre.