TY - JOUR
T1 - Functional specifications and testing requirements for grid-forming offshore wind power plants
AU - Ghimire, Sulav
AU - Guerreiro, Gabriel Miguel Gomes
AU - Vatta Kkuni, Kanakesh
AU - Guest, Emerson David
AU - Jensen, Kim Høj
AU - Yang, Guangya
AU - Wang, Xiongfei
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Sulav Ghimire et al.
PY - 2025/1/2
Y1 - 2025/1/2
N2 - Throughout the past few years, various transmission system operators (TSOs) and research institutes have defined several functional specifications for grid-forming (GFM) converters via grid codes, white papers, and technical documents. These institutes and organisations also proposed testing requirements for general inverter-based resources (IBRs) and specific GFM converters. This paper initially reviews functional specifications and testing requirements from several sources to create an understanding of GFM capabilities in general. Furthermore, it proposes an outlook on the defined GFM capabilities, functional specifications, and testing requirements for offshore wind power plant (OF WPP) applications from an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) perspective. Finally, this paper briefly establishes the relevance of new testing methodologies for equipment-level certification and model validation, focusing on GFM functional specifications.
AB - Throughout the past few years, various transmission system operators (TSOs) and research institutes have defined several functional specifications for grid-forming (GFM) converters via grid codes, white papers, and technical documents. These institutes and organisations also proposed testing requirements for general inverter-based resources (IBRs) and specific GFM converters. This paper initially reviews functional specifications and testing requirements from several sources to create an understanding of GFM capabilities in general. Furthermore, it proposes an outlook on the defined GFM capabilities, functional specifications, and testing requirements for offshore wind power plant (OF WPP) applications from an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) perspective. Finally, this paper briefly establishes the relevance of new testing methodologies for equipment-level certification and model validation, focusing on GFM functional specifications.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85215756973&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.5194/wes-10-1-2025
DO - 10.5194/wes-10-1-2025
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85215756973
SN - 2366-7443
VL - 10
SP - 1
EP - 15
JO - Wind Energy Science
JF - Wind Energy Science
IS - 1
ER -