Middle-out evolution of greenfield eco-industrial parks: The journey of GreenLab, Denmark

Transforming into eco-industrial parks (EIPs) by applying collaborative measures and stakeholder engagement is a practical and political response to the decline of current industrial parks, and a solution for fostering sustainable industrial development. While the brownfield approach (EIP development through retrofits and new strategies of existing establishments) is common, greenfield development—where sustainability is inherent in planning, design, and construction—is gaining interest. The present study uses the case of GreenLab in Denmark to explore the emergence and development of greenfield EIPs, showcasing the potential of a middle-out approach and emphasizing the role of curation in contrast to top-down and bottom-up processes. The study draws on a process-model analytical framework, encompassing the evolutionary phases, the actors involved, and the co-creation of the journey. The development of GreenLab is found to have passed through three phases of evolution: pre-emergence, emergence, and probation, increasing the “networkness” in the business park. We point to several critical factors that drove these phases, among which shared vision, road mapping, and engagement and political support from local, regional, and national actors are critical. Furthermore, strategic planning, continuous funding, and strong collaboration with research institutions have been essential. The replication potential of GreenLab is substantial, and the experiences accumulated over the years can guide other greenfield EIPs and new research avenues considering greenfield EIPs.