TY - JOUR
T1 - Modelling and Analysis of a Sigfox based IoT Network using UPPAAL SMC
AU - Naeem, Muhammad
AU - Albano, Michele
AU - Larsen, Kim G.
AU - Nielsen, Brian
AU - Høedholt, Anders
AU - Laursen, Christian Ø.
PY - 2023/5/15
Y1 - 2023/5/15
N2 - Wireless sensor nodes are usually powered by batteries that have limited energy capacity. In many applications, the nodes are installed in inaccessible locations where they are problematic to replace or recharge. Therefore, energy optimization is crucial for increasing the node's lifetime. This study presents a method for the analysis and prediction of the energy consumption of Sigfox-based wireless sensor nodes. The method is illustrated in a use case where the nodes monitor the water level in drainage lines in cities to improve surface and wastewater management. We propose a formal model-based technique using the UPPAAL statistical model checker tool to model and analyze the node's lifetime. Statistical model checking (SMC) provides a highly scalable technique for the performance analysis of complex cyber-physical systems. The model captures the energy-related behavior of the node, the Sigfox radio specification, and the sensor, each parameterized with values from the device's datasheets. Furthermore, we calibrate the model using measurements obtained from real-world hardware. Finally, we evaluate a collection of strategies to optimize the battery lifetime of the node. We simulate the model with a 10000-mAh battery, and the results indicate that we can extend the node's lifetime from 202 days to 2.71 years using our most optimized transmission strategy.
AB - Wireless sensor nodes are usually powered by batteries that have limited energy capacity. In many applications, the nodes are installed in inaccessible locations where they are problematic to replace or recharge. Therefore, energy optimization is crucial for increasing the node's lifetime. This study presents a method for the analysis and prediction of the energy consumption of Sigfox-based wireless sensor nodes. The method is illustrated in a use case where the nodes monitor the water level in drainage lines in cities to improve surface and wastewater management. We propose a formal model-based technique using the UPPAAL statistical model checker tool to model and analyze the node's lifetime. Statistical model checking (SMC) provides a highly scalable technique for the performance analysis of complex cyber-physical systems. The model captures the energy-related behavior of the node, the Sigfox radio specification, and the sensor, each parameterized with values from the device's datasheets. Furthermore, we calibrate the model using measurements obtained from real-world hardware. Finally, we evaluate a collection of strategies to optimize the battery lifetime of the node. We simulate the model with a 10000-mAh battery, and the results indicate that we can extend the node's lifetime from 202 days to 2.71 years using our most optimized transmission strategy.
KW - Analytical models
KW - Automata
KW - Batteries
KW - Battery lifetime
KW - Design space exploration
KW - LPWAN
KW - Model checking
KW - Optimised transmission strategies
KW - Protocols
KW - Sensors
KW - Statistical model checking
KW - Wireless sensor networks
KW - Wireless sensor nodes
KW - wireless sensor nodes
KW - low-power wide-area network (LPWAN)
KW - optimized transmission strategies
KW - statistical model checking (SMC)
KW - design space exploration
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85151515808&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3261667
DO - 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3261667
M3 - Journal article
SN - 2379-9153
VL - 23
SP - 10577
EP - 10587
JO - IEEE Sensors Journal
JF - IEEE Sensors Journal
IS - 10
ER -