TY - JOUR
T1 - Optimizing examination time and diagnostic performance of the histamine-induced axon-reflex flare response in diabetes
AU - Røikjer, Johan
AU - Croosu, Suganthiya Santhiapillai
AU - Borbjerg, Mette Krabsmark
AU - Hansen, Tine Maria
AU - Frøkjær, Jens Brøndum
AU - Arendt-Nielsen, Lars
AU - Ejskjaer, Niels
AU - Mørch, Carsten Dahl
PY - 2023/9
Y1 - 2023/9
N2 - Introduction/Aims: The axon-reflex flare response is a reliable method for functional assessment of small fibers in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but broad adoption is limited by the time requirement. The aims of this study were to (1) assess diagnostic performance and optimize time required for assessing the histamine-induced flare response and (2) associate with established parameters. Methods: A total of 60 participants with type 1 diabetes with (n = 33) or without (n = 27) DPN participated. The participants underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST), corneal confocal microscopy (CCM), and flare intensity and area size assessments by laser-Doppler imaging (FLPI) following an epidermal skin-prick application of histamine. The flare parameters were evaluated each minute for 15 min, and the diagnostic performance compared to QST and CCM were assessed using area under the curve (AUC). Minimum time-requirements until differentiation and to achieve results comparable with a full examination were assessed. Results: Flare area size had better diagnostic performance compared with CCM (AUC 0.88 vs. 0.77, p < 0.01) and QST (AUC 0.91 vs. 0.81, p = 0.02) than mean flare intensity, and could distinguish people with and without DPN after 4 min compared to after 6 min (both p < 0.01). Flare area size achieved a diagnostic performance comparable to a full examination after 6 and 7 min (CCM and QST respectively, p > 0.05), while mean flare intensity achieved it after 5 and 8 min (CCM and QST respectively, p > 0.05). Discussion: The flare area size can be evaluated 6–7 min after histamine-application, which increases diagnostic performance compared to mean flare intensity.
AB - Introduction/Aims: The axon-reflex flare response is a reliable method for functional assessment of small fibers in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but broad adoption is limited by the time requirement. The aims of this study were to (1) assess diagnostic performance and optimize time required for assessing the histamine-induced flare response and (2) associate with established parameters. Methods: A total of 60 participants with type 1 diabetes with (n = 33) or without (n = 27) DPN participated. The participants underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST), corneal confocal microscopy (CCM), and flare intensity and area size assessments by laser-Doppler imaging (FLPI) following an epidermal skin-prick application of histamine. The flare parameters were evaluated each minute for 15 min, and the diagnostic performance compared to QST and CCM were assessed using area under the curve (AUC). Minimum time-requirements until differentiation and to achieve results comparable with a full examination were assessed. Results: Flare area size had better diagnostic performance compared with CCM (AUC 0.88 vs. 0.77, p < 0.01) and QST (AUC 0.91 vs. 0.81, p = 0.02) than mean flare intensity, and could distinguish people with and without DPN after 4 min compared to after 6 min (both p < 0.01). Flare area size achieved a diagnostic performance comparable to a full examination after 6 and 7 min (CCM and QST respectively, p > 0.05), while mean flare intensity achieved it after 5 and 8 min (CCM and QST respectively, p > 0.05). Discussion: The flare area size can be evaluated 6–7 min after histamine-application, which increases diagnostic performance compared to mean flare intensity.
KW - diabetic peripheral neuropathy
KW - neurogenic inflammation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85164111586&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/mus.27925
DO - 10.1002/mus.27925
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0148-639X
VL - 68
SP - 308
EP - 315
JO - Muscle & Nerve
JF - Muscle & Nerve
IS - 3
ER -