TY - JOUR
T1 - Psychophysical and vasomotor responses of the oral tissues
T2 - a nicotine dose-response and menthol interaction study
AU - Arendt Nielsen, Thomas
AU - Nielsen, Bruno Provstgaard
AU - Wang, Kelun
AU - Arendt-Nielsen, Lars
AU - Boudreau, Shellie
N1 - © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
PY - 2016
Y1 - 2016
N2 - INTRODUCTION: This study implemented an intra-oral test-platform to assess the sensory, psychophysical and vasomotor responses to nicotine and menthol, alone or in combination.METHODS: Two double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over studies, including healthy non-smoking participants were performed. Study I: A dose-response relationship (N = 20) between 0, 2 and 4 mg nicotine gum. Study II: An interaction response (N = 22) to 30 mg menthol and 4 mg nicotine alone or in combination. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), tactile and thermosensory thresholds, intra-oral blood flow and temperature, pain/irritation intensities/locations, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and taste experience were assessed before, during or after the completion of a standardized chewing regime.RESULTS: A dose-response elevation in HR was attenuated when nicotine was combined with menthol. Blood flow, temperature, and warm-detection thresholds, as assessed on the tongue, similarly increased for all gums. Pain intensity and taste experiences were similar between nicotine doses. Nicotine attenuated the sweet, cooling, and freshening sensation of menthol. Within the first four minutes menthol reduced the intensity but not the area of nicotine-induced pain and irritation. The 4 mg nicotine dose led to a continued increase in the intensity and area of irritation in the throat post-chewing. Moreover, one half of participants responded to menthol as an irritant, and these individuals demonstrated larger areas of nicotine-induced irritation in the throat post-chewing.CONCLUSIONS: The intra-oral test platform provides a basis to optimize the assessment of nicotine related taste and sensory experiences and can be used in future studies for profiling nicotine gum.
AB - INTRODUCTION: This study implemented an intra-oral test-platform to assess the sensory, psychophysical and vasomotor responses to nicotine and menthol, alone or in combination.METHODS: Two double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over studies, including healthy non-smoking participants were performed. Study I: A dose-response relationship (N = 20) between 0, 2 and 4 mg nicotine gum. Study II: An interaction response (N = 22) to 30 mg menthol and 4 mg nicotine alone or in combination. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), tactile and thermosensory thresholds, intra-oral blood flow and temperature, pain/irritation intensities/locations, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and taste experience were assessed before, during or after the completion of a standardized chewing regime.RESULTS: A dose-response elevation in HR was attenuated when nicotine was combined with menthol. Blood flow, temperature, and warm-detection thresholds, as assessed on the tongue, similarly increased for all gums. Pain intensity and taste experiences were similar between nicotine doses. Nicotine attenuated the sweet, cooling, and freshening sensation of menthol. Within the first four minutes menthol reduced the intensity but not the area of nicotine-induced pain and irritation. The 4 mg nicotine dose led to a continued increase in the intensity and area of irritation in the throat post-chewing. Moreover, one half of participants responded to menthol as an irritant, and these individuals demonstrated larger areas of nicotine-induced irritation in the throat post-chewing.CONCLUSIONS: The intra-oral test platform provides a basis to optimize the assessment of nicotine related taste and sensory experiences and can be used in future studies for profiling nicotine gum.
U2 - 10.1093/ntr/ntv163
DO - 10.1093/ntr/ntv163
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 26242288
SN - 1462-2203
VL - 18
SP - 596
EP - 603
JO - Nicotine & Tobacco Research
JF - Nicotine & Tobacco Research
IS - 5
ER -