Stackelberg-equilibrium-based Collaborative Charging Management Strategy for Renewable Fuel Vehicles in Regional Integrated Electricity-hydrogen System

This paper presents a Stackelberg-equilibrium-based optimization approach for solving the collaborative charging management problem of electrical vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen vehicles (HVs). A transaction framework for electricity‑hydrogen exchange among the vehicle fleet aggregator (VFA), the electrical power system operator (EPSO) and the hydrogen system operator (H2SO) is proposed. The optimization model, based on a bi-layer Stackelberg game, aims to minimize the electricity‑hydrogen costs for the VFA in the upper layer, and maximize the economic benefits for the EPSO and the H2SO in the lower layer. A Stackelberg-game model is formulated and solved using the DEA-MILP approach. The proposed optimization strategy is evaluated using a regional integrated electricity‑hydrogen system (RIEHS), which consists of an IEEE 33-bus distribution power system and a 6-node hydrogen system. The evaluation considers the impacts of distribution locational marginal price (DLMP) profile of electricity and hydrogen, as well as the penetration of EV-HV and electrolysis. The simulation results show that: 1) the proposed Stackelberg-equilibrium-based bidding mechanism can determine the electricity‑hydrogen DLMP based on the data from VFA and RIEHS; 2) the optimization strategy enables collaborative charging management of EVs and HVs, as well as electricity‑hydrogen dispatch within RIEHS; and 3) implementing the proposed strategy leads to a reduction in the energy cost for the VFA and alleviates operating power congestion for the RIEHS.