Abstract
This paper proposes a novel virtual synchronous generator (VSG) controller for converters in AC microgrids (MGs). Such controller improves the control cost and DC-side energy requirements, while considering the system non-linearity for frequency support. First, the frequency dynamics of the MG, which are analytically studied based on the VSG with a secondary frequency controller, are formulated as a nonlinear state space representation. In this later, the reciprocal of the inertia is modeled as the control input. Correspondingly, a cost function is defined by comprehensively considering the angular deviation, frequency deviation, rate of change of the frequency (RoCoF), and a discount factor, which can retain a tradeoff between the critical frequency bounds and the required control energy. Following, the optimal frequency regulation problem is solved by using an online adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method, where a single echo state network (ESN) is constructed to approximate the optimal cost function and the optimal control input to significantly reduce the computational burden and improve the real-time computation. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the frequency response of the system is significantly improved, while also retaining more DC-side energy.
Original language | English |
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Journal | I E E E Transactions on Smart Grid |
Volume | 14 |
Issue number | 1 |
Pages (from-to) | 4-16 |
Number of pages | 13 |
ISSN | 1949-3053 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2023 |
Keywords
- Virtual synchronous generator
- optimal frequency control
- AC microgrids
- adaptive controller
- adaptive dynamic programming
- ADP
- Virtual synchronous generator (VSG)
- Artificial neural networks
- Power system stability
- Stability analysis
- Frequency control
- adaptive dynamic programming (ADP)
- Mathematical models
- Synchronous generators
- Frequency synchronization