Review, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation of the Most Common Four Active Methods for Islanding Detection in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

This paper systematically analyzes the islanding performance under different case studies and scenarios of the most well-known active islanding detection methods (IDMs) for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. They are named as follows: Active Frequency Drift (AFD), Sandia Frequency Shift (SFS), Slip Mode frequency Shift (SMS), and Sandia Voltage Shift (SVS) anti-islanding detection strategies. The performance of these four active anti-islanding methods has been examined in detail using Matlab/Simulink. Moreover, the quality factor and non-detection zone (NDZ) influence on islanding detection is also analyzed. According to the new grid codes and standards, the studied active IDMs provide good detection times. Furthermore, the case studies illustrate that these active detection techniques can successfully detect the islanding operation mode under different quality factors, types of loads, solar irradiance changes, and fault-ride through (FRT) operation mode.