Figure 1 in A dynamic model for the evolution of sabrecat predatory bite mechanics

Figure 1. The ability of the mandibular adductors to generate torque about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was estimated at ten regularly spaced intervals of the M. temporalis (T1–T10); at five regularly spaced intervals of the M. masseter profunda + M. zygomaticomandibularis (M1–M5); and the anterior-most insertion of the M. masseter superficialis. A, lion (Panthera leo; CN3503; ♂), with mandible at occlusion and at estimated maximal gape, illustrating torque about the TMJ at T1 (green vectors); B, Smilodon fatalis [LACMHC2001-173 (cranium) and LACMHC2001-4543 (mandible)] with mandible at occlusion and at estimated maximal gape, illustrating torque about the TMJ at M2 (blue vectors), and at SM (red vectors). Abbreviations: Im, inlever moment arm for masseter muscle fibre torque about the TMJ; I, inlever moment arm for temporalis muscle fibre torque about the TMJ; O, outlever moment arm to the carnassial (P4) t c paracone apex; O, outlever moment arm to the centre of C1; T, effective (rotational) torque about the TMJ; T, theoretical ca e f force output from the muscle fibre; Q, angle between Te and Tf. Scale bars = 10 cm.