TY - JOUR
T1 - On the Secondary Control Architectures of AC Microgrids: An Overview
AU - Khayat, Yousef
AU - Shafiee, Qobad
AU - Heydari, Rasool
AU - Naderi, Mobin
AU - Dragicevic, Tomislav
AU - Simpson-Porco, John
AU - Dörfler, Florian
AU - Fathi, Mohammad
AU - Blaabjerg, Frede
AU - Guerrero, Josep M.
AU - Bevrani , Hassan
PY - 2020/6
Y1 - 2020/6
N2 - Communication infrastructure (CI) in microgrids (MGs) allows for the application of different control architectures for the secondary control (SC) layer. The use of new SC architectures involving CI is motivated by the need to increase MG resilience and handle the intermittent nature of distributed generation units. The structure of SC is classified into three main categories, including centralized SC (CSC) with a CI, distributed SC (DISC) generally with a low-data-rate CI, and decentralized SC (DESC) with communication-free infrastructure. To meet the MGs' operational constraints and optimize performance, control and communication must be utilized simultaneously in different control layers. In this survey, we review and classify all types of SC policies from CI-based methods to communication-free policies, including CSC, averaging-based DISC, consensus-based DISC methods, containment pinning consensus, event-triggered DISC, washout-filter-based DESC, and state-estimation-based DESC. Each structure is scrutinized from the viewpoint of the relevant literature. Challenges such as clock drifts, cyber-security threats, and the advantage of event-triggered approaches are presented. Fully decentralized approaches based on state-estimation and observation methods are also addressed. Although these approaches eliminate the need of any CI for the voltage and frequency restoration, during black start process or other functionalities related to the tertiary layer, a CI is required. Power hardware-in-the-loop experimental tests are carried out to compare the merits and applicability of different SC structures.
AB - Communication infrastructure (CI) in microgrids (MGs) allows for the application of different control architectures for the secondary control (SC) layer. The use of new SC architectures involving CI is motivated by the need to increase MG resilience and handle the intermittent nature of distributed generation units. The structure of SC is classified into three main categories, including centralized SC (CSC) with a CI, distributed SC (DISC) generally with a low-data-rate CI, and decentralized SC (DESC) with communication-free infrastructure. To meet the MGs' operational constraints and optimize performance, control and communication must be utilized simultaneously in different control layers. In this survey, we review and classify all types of SC policies from CI-based methods to communication-free policies, including CSC, averaging-based DISC, consensus-based DISC methods, containment pinning consensus, event-triggered DISC, washout-filter-based DESC, and state-estimation-based DESC. Each structure is scrutinized from the viewpoint of the relevant literature. Challenges such as clock drifts, cyber-security threats, and the advantage of event-triggered approaches are presented. Fully decentralized approaches based on state-estimation and observation methods are also addressed. Although these approaches eliminate the need of any CI for the voltage and frequency restoration, during black start process or other functionalities related to the tertiary layer, a CI is required. Power hardware-in-the-loop experimental tests are carried out to compare the merits and applicability of different SC structures.
KW - Centralized control
KW - communication-free control
KW - decentralized control
KW - distributed control
KW - event-triggered control (ETC)
KW - microgrids (MGs)
KW - secondary control (SC)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85078258618&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2951694
DO - 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2951694
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0885-8993
VL - 35
SP - 6482
EP - 6500
JO - IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
JF - IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
IS - 6
M1 - 8892668
ER -