TY - JOUR
T1 - Long-term experimental study of price responsive predictive control in a real occupied single-family house with heat pump
AU - Thorsteinsson, Simon
AU - Kalaee, Alex Arash Sand
AU - Vogler-Finck, Pierre
AU - Stærmose, Henrik Lund
AU - Katic, Ivan
AU - Bendtsen, Jan Dimon
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Author(s)
PY - 2023/10/1
Y1 - 2023/10/1
N2 - The continuous introduction of renewable electricity and increased consumption through electrification of the transport and heating sector challenges grid stability. This study investigates load shifting through demand side management as a solution. We present a four-month experimental study of a low-complexity, hierarchical Model Predictive Control approach for demand side management in a near-zero emission occupied single-family house in Denmark. The control algorithm uses a price signal, weather forecast, a single-zone building model, and a non-linear heat pump efficiency model to generate a space-heating schedule. The weather-compensated, commercial heat pump is made to act smart grid-ready through outdoor temperature input override to enable heat boosting and forced stops to accommodate the heating schedule. The cost reduction from the controller ranged from 2-17% depending on the chosen comfort level. The experiment demonstrates that load shifting is feasible and cost-effective, even without energy storage, and that the current price scheme provides an incentive for Danish end-consumers to shift heating loads. However, issues related to controlling the heat pump through input-manipulation were identified, and the authors propose a more promising path forward involving coordination with manufacturers and regulators to make commercial heat pumps truly smart grid-ready.
AB - The continuous introduction of renewable electricity and increased consumption through electrification of the transport and heating sector challenges grid stability. This study investigates load shifting through demand side management as a solution. We present a four-month experimental study of a low-complexity, hierarchical Model Predictive Control approach for demand side management in a near-zero emission occupied single-family house in Denmark. The control algorithm uses a price signal, weather forecast, a single-zone building model, and a non-linear heat pump efficiency model to generate a space-heating schedule. The weather-compensated, commercial heat pump is made to act smart grid-ready through outdoor temperature input override to enable heat boosting and forced stops to accommodate the heating schedule. The cost reduction from the controller ranged from 2-17% depending on the chosen comfort level. The experiment demonstrates that load shifting is feasible and cost-effective, even without energy storage, and that the current price scheme provides an incentive for Danish end-consumers to shift heating loads. However, issues related to controlling the heat pump through input-manipulation were identified, and the authors propose a more promising path forward involving coordination with manufacturers and regulators to make commercial heat pumps truly smart grid-ready.
KW - Demand side management
KW - Heat pump
KW - Hierarchical model predictive control
KW - Load shifting
KW - Real experiment
KW - Retrofit building control
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85163522912&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121398
DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121398
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85163522912
SN - 0306-2619
VL - 347
JO - Applied Energy
JF - Applied Energy
M1 - 121398
ER -